Pneumonia in Children under 5 Years: Temporal Trends and Spatial Patterns of Hospitalizations in Brazil.

This study aimed to identify temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution of hospitalization rates for pneumonia in children under 5 years in Brazil. An ecological study was developed using data from the Unified Health System of hospitalizations for pneumonia in children under 5 years in Brazil from 2000 to 2019. Hospitalization rates per 1,000 children were calculated and Joinpoint Regression analyzed the temporal trends. Different spatial analysis techniques were performed. Annual rates of 25 hospitalizations per 1,000 children were observed in 2000 and of 13.83 per 1,000 children in 2019, with a significant downward trend for the country (annual percentage change = -3.4%; 95% confidence interval: -3.8 to -3.0) and for the regions. There was weak spatial autocorrelation; however, there were regions with high rates of hospitalization in the south region and clusters of low rates in the northeast and southeast. Clusters of areas with high hospitalization rates were observed in areas of favorable socioeconomic conditions and provision of health services in the interior of southern Brazil. There is a decreasing trend in hospitalizations for pneumonia in general; however, there are clusters of high rates in the south of Brazil.

Access to medicines among the Brazilian population based on the 2019 National Health Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Access to medicines is a challenge, especially in developing countries, highlighting the need of population-based research to evaluate access and related factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess access to medicines and identify associated factors using data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS). METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 PNS and considered access to prescription medicines as the primary outcome. The sample included 24,753 individuals aged 15 years or older who looked for medical care in the last 15 days and received a medicine prescription. Andersen's behavioral model was used to select independent variables. After descriptive analysis, a multinomial logistic regression multilevel analysis was performed using the independent variables with a significance level lower than 0.20 in the bivariate analysis. RESULTS: The lowest chances of getting access to medicines were observed in individuals aged between 40 and 59 years, women, with complete middle and high school, with lower-income families, who attended public services, with worse self-assessed health, and those who looked for health care for disease prevention and health promotion. CONCLUSIONS: Access to medicines among the Brazilian population is associated with social, economic, and health perception factors. Our findings may update and guide the development of public policies on medication and pharmaceutical care, facilitating medication purchases by the care user and promoting health equity.

Using Andersen's behavioural model to examine individual and contextual factors associated with dental service utilization in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to examine individual and contextual factors associated with the frequency of dental service utilization among adolescents, adults and older adults Brazilians. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the Brazilian 2019 National Health Survey (94 114 individuals). The outcome 'when was your last dental appointment?' was categorized into three groups: up to 1 year, more than 1 year and never had a dental appointment. Andersen's behavioural model was used to select contextual and individual variables. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The following variables showed increased probability to the outcome had the last dental appointment more than 1 year ago: older adult, illiterate or incomplete primary school, and without private dental insurance. The outcome never had a dental appointment was significantly associated with illiterate (OR 26.65; 95% CI 17.63-40.29), male (OR 2.38; 95% CI 2.17-2.61), without private dental insurance (OR 5.20; 95% CI 3.48-7.76), self-rated oral health as bad or very bad (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.31-3.09), household not enrolled in primary care teams (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.11-1.49), household in a rural area (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.69-2.05), high household crowding (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04-1.14) and low household income per capita (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that contextual and individual factors induce inequity in dental appointments. Moreover, Andersen's behavioural model demonstrated inequitable access for dental services in Brazil, in which social structure and enabling characteristics, rather than the need for the service, determine who receives health care. Living in a household enrolled in primary care teams favoured regular dental appointments. Thus, these findings may help policymakers improve health access by expanding coverage of dental services in primary health care.

Gender and race inequalities in adolescent and young adult homicide mortality rates: a multilevel ecological analysis of Brazilian municipalities.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between adolescent and young adult homicide mortality rates in Brazilian municipalities according to gender, race, and contextual characteristics at the municipal and federation unit levels. METHODS: This is an ecological study that used secondary data available from the death records of the Mortality Information System and socioeconomic data from the Brazilian Census. The dependent variables were homicide mortality rates among people aged 15-29 years by sex and race from 2015 to 2017. The contextual variables were related to education, income, schooling, and vulnerability. Multilevel linear regression was applied in an ecological model to verify the first- and second-level variables' effect. Each variable's effect was estimated using ß and its respective confidence intervals (95%CI) and statistical significance. RESULTS: There was a direct and significant relationship between the adolescent and young adult mortality rates and the homicide mortality rates among adults, regardless of sex and race/skin color. However, this relationship was more pronounced among black adolescents and young adults. At the federative unit level, the human development index was significantly related to the mortality rates of black men, white men, and white women. CONCLUSION: There is racial inequality in adolescent and young adult mortality from violence in Brazil; the rates are related to municipal characteristics, such as violence in the adult population and inequalities in education and social protection.

Redecin Brasil: o cuidado na rede de atenção à pessoa com deficiência nos diferentes Brasis / Redecin Brasil: care in the care network for people with disabilities in different Brazils

Ao longo de quase cinco anos, pesquisadores de oito estados brasileiros se debruçaram sobre o processo de implantação da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência (RCPCD) por meio da condução do projeto de pesquisa "Avaliação da Rede de Cuidados Integral à Pessoa com Deficiência no SUS ­ Redecin Brasil", aprovado na Chamada CNPq/MS/SCTIE/DECIT/SAS/DAPES/CGSPD Nº. 35/2018, e este livro é um dos produtos desse trabalho coletivo e colaborativo. Esta obra parte do desejo do grupo de pesquisa Redecin Brasil de contribuir para o debate sobre a RCPCD, bem como de colaborar com os processos formativos dos profissionais que atuam nessa Rede. Assim, o livro tem como principal objetivo apresentar a Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência a partir dos resultados da pesquisa. A obra está organizada em três seções. Na primeira seção, busca-se apresentar uma concepção teórica acerca do tema, apresentando aspectos relacionados ao resgate histórico, organização da rede, formação de recursos humanos e luta pela garantia dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência. Na segunda seção do livro é realizada a apresentação desde a construção do projeto Redecin Brasil aos resultados alcançados na trajetória de condução deste projeto. Na última seção, dentro do lema "nada sobre nós, sem nós", o livro traz a visão de pessoas com deficiência sobre o controle social, o cuidado em saúde e o capacitismo, e a saúde da mulher com deficiência. O projeto foi realizado em oito estados: Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo, tendo, assim, representantes das cinco regiões geográficas do país. Considerando as especificidades da rede em cada território, o livro apresenta alguns resultados relativos a cada estado, no intuito de dar visibilidade às diferenças e à diversidade que fazem a realidade dos diferentes Brasis. A partir dos olhares multifacetados dos atores envolvidos na pesquisa e na construção dessa obra, esperamos que a leitura possa contribuir com a ampliação do olhar e do conhecimento de trabalhadores, gestores e pesquisadores acerca do cuidado à saúde da pessoa com deficiência. E que, de maneira integrada, todos possamos lutar pela garantia dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência e pelo financiamento justo e adequado ao SUS, sobretudo para o fortalecimento e avanço da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência.

Factors associated with sleep problems and sleeping pill use in Brazilians.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use and associated factors in the Brazilian population. METHODS: This study was conducted with data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. Our sample consisted of 94,114 participants and the outcomes analyzed were sleep problems and sleeping pill use. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics were explored in a descriptive and multivariate analysis with Poisson regression, robust variance, and 5% significance. RESULTS: We found a 35.1% (95%CI: 34.5-35.7) and 8.5% (95%CI: 8.2-8.9) prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use, respectively. Sleep problems were associated with women (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.36-1.46), individuals who self-assess their health as regular/poor/very poor (PR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.51-1.62), those with chronic diseases (PR = 1.70; 95%CI: 1.64-1.78), those who use alcohol excessively (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.09-1.20), and smokers (PR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.10-1.22). Sleeping pill use was associated with women (PR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.43-1.73), divorcees (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.30-1.65), urban denizens (PR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.21-1.45) those who self-assess their health as regular/poor/very poor (PR = 1.79; 95%CI: 1.64-1.95), those with chronic diseases (PR = 4.07; 95%CI: 3.48-4.77), and smokers (PR = 1.49; IC95%: 1.33-1.67). CONCLUSION: This study found that the prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use in Brazilians indicates the need for attention and sleep care for this population, especially in women and those with lifestyle and health conditions associated with the analyzed outcomes.

Força de trabalho de Profissionais de Educação Física na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Workforce of Physical Education Professionals in Primary Health Care

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espaço temporal de Profissionais de Educação Físi-ca na Atenção Primária à Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde nos Estados brasileiros. Este estudo pos-sui característica ecológica de série temporal, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde de 2008 a 2020 para identificar a força de trabalho desta área profissional. Foram construídos mapas e gráficos para a análise espacial da força de trabalho, número de Profissionais de Educação Física por 10.000 habitantes, por Estados e regiões brasileiras. As análises de regressão foram realizadas no Joinpoint Regression Program versão 4.7.0.0, consideran-do o intervalo de confiança de 95%. Em 2008 no Brasil havia 321 Profissionais de Educação Física na atenção primária e 139 em 2020, representando uma diminuição de 56% para a quantidade de profissionais vinculados à Atenção Primária à Saúde. Observou-se o crescimento da densidade deste profissional na maioria dos Estados no primeiro momento e o decréscimo em seguida. Destaca-se o Estado de Espírito Santo, com a maior densidade de profissionais em 2008 e Pernambuco que atingiu em 2012 o maior pico entre os Estados. A tendência temporal variou entre os Estados brasileiros, Goiás foi o único que apresentou aumento no período de 2008 a 2020, já na região Sudeste todos os Estados demonstraram decréscimo. O incentivo da prática de atividade física supervisionada e orientada é importante para auxiliar no aumento da força de trabalho do Profissional de Educação Física na Atenção Primária à Saúde, como também aumentar o nível de atividade física da população, contribuindo para adquirir benefícios de saúde oriundos da prática regular de atividade física

The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal distribution of Physical Education Professionals in Pri-mary Health Care in the Unified Health System in Brazilian States. This study has an ecological feature of a time series, in which secondary data from the National Registry of Health Facilities from 2008 to 2020 were used to identify the workforce of this professional area. Maps and graphs were built for the spatial analysis of the workforce, number of Physical Education Professionals per 10,000 inhabitants, by Brazilian states and regions. Regression analyzes were performed using the Joinpoint Regression Program version 4.7.0.0, considering a 95% confidence interval. In 2008 in Brazil there were 321 Physical Education Pro-fessionals in primary care and 139 in 2020, representing a decrease of 56% for the number of professionals linked to Primary Health Care. There was a growth in the density of this professional in most States at first and then a decrease. The State of Espírito Santo stands out, with the highest density of professionals in 2008 and Pernambuco wich in 2012 reached the highest peak among the States. The temporal trend varied between Brazilian states, Goiás was the only one that showed an increase in the period from 2008 to 2020, while in the Southeast region all states showed a decrease. Encouraging the practice of supervised and guided physical activity is important to help increase the workforce of Physical Education Professionals in Primary Health Care, as well as to increase the population's level of physical activity, contributing to acquire health benefits from regular practice of physical activity

Factors associated with sleep problems and sleeping pill use in Brazilians / Fatores associados aos problemas de sono e ao uso de medicação para dormir em brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use and associated factors in the Brazilian population. METHODS This study was conducted with data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. Our sample consisted of 94,114 participants and the outcomes analyzed were sleep problems and sleeping pill use. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics were explored in a descriptive and multivariate analysis with Poisson regression, robust variance, and 5% significance. RESULTS We found a 35.1% (95%CI: 34.5-35.7) and 8.5% (95%CI: 8.2-8.9) prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use, respectively. Sleep problems were associated with women (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.36-1.46), individuals who self-assess their health as regular/poor/very poor (PR = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.51-1.62), those with chronic diseases (PR = 1.70; 95%CI: 1.64-1.78), those who use alcohol excessively (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.09-1.20), and smokers (PR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.10-1.22). Sleeping pill use was associated with women (PR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.43-1.73), divorcees (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.30-1.65), urban denizens (PR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.21-1.45) those who self-assess their health as regular/poor/very poor (PR = 1.79; 95%CI: 1.64-1.95), those with chronic diseases (PR = 4.07; 95%CI: 3.48-4.77), and smokers (PR = 1.49; IC95%: 1.33-1.67). CONCLUSION This study found that the prevalence of sleep problems and sleeping pill use in Brazilians indicates the need for attention and sleep care for this population, especially in women and those with lifestyle and health conditions associated with the analyzed outcomes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados a problemas de sono e uso de medicamentos para dormir na população brasileira. MÉTODOS Estudo executado com os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada no Brasil, nos anos de 2019 e 2020. A amostra foi composta por 94.114 participantes e os desfechos analisados foram problemas de sono e uso de medicamentos para dormir. Aspectos sociodemográficos, de estilo de vida e condições de saúde foram explorados em uma análise descritiva e multivariada, utilizando a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, considerando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS As prevalências de problemas de sono e uso de medicamentos indutores do sono foram de 35,1% (IC95% 34,5-35,7) e 8,5% (IC95% 8,2-8,9), respectivamente. Os problemas de sono foram associados ao sexo feminino (RP = 1,41; IC95% 1,36-1,46), aos indivíduos que autoavaliam a saúde como regular/ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,56; IC95% 1,51-1,62), aos que possuem alguma doença crônica (RP = 1,70; IC95% 1,64-1,78), aos que fazem uso excessivo de álcool (RP = 1,14; IC95% 1,09-1,20) e aos fumantes (RP = 1,16; IC95% 1,10-1,22). O uso de medicamentos para dormir foi associado ao sexo feminino (RP = 1,57; IC95% 1,43-1,73), a indivíduos divorciados (RP = 1,46; IC95% 1,30-1,65), aos que vivem no meio urbano (RP = 1,32; IC95% 1,21-1,45), que autoavaliam sua saúde como regular/ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,79; IC95% 1,64-1,95), com diagnóstico de doença crônica (RP = 4,07; IC95% 3,48-4,77) e aos fumantes (RP = 1,49; IC95% 1,33-1,67). CONCLUSÃO As prevalências de problemas de sono e uso de medicamentos para dormir na população brasileira observadas neste estudo indicam a necessidade de atenção e cuidado com o sono dessa população, principalmente nas mulheres e aqueles que apresentam estilo de vida e condições de saúde que se associaram aos desfechos.

Gender and race inequalities in adolescent and young adult homicide mortality rates: a multilevel ecological analysis of Brazilian municipalities / Iniquidades de gênero e raça na mortalidade de adolescentes e adultos jovens por homicídio: uma análise ecológica multinível dos municípios brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between adolescent and young adult homicide mortality rates in Brazilian municipalities according to gender, race, and contextual characteristics at the municipal and federation unit levels. Methods: This is an ecological study that used secondary data available from the death records of the Mortality Information System and socioeconomic data from the Brazilian Census. The dependent variables were homicide mortality rates among people aged 15-29 years by sex and race from 2015 to 2017. The contextual variables were related to education, income, schooling, and vulnerability. Multilevel linear regression was applied in an ecological model to verify the first- and second-level variables' effect. Each variable's effect was estimated using β and its respective confidence intervals (95%CI) and statistical significance. Results: There was a direct and significant relationship between the adolescent and young adult mortality rates and the homicide mortality rates among adults, regardless of sex and race/skin color. However, this relationship was more pronounced among black adolescents and young adults. At the federative unit level, the human development index was significantly related to the mortality rates of black men, white men, and white women. Conclusion: There is racial inequality in adolescent and young adult mortality from violence in Brazil; the rates are related to municipal characteristics, such as violence in the adult population and inequalities in education and social protection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre as taxas de mortalidade por homicídios de adolescentes e adultos jovens em municípios brasileiros segundo sexo, raça e características contextuais nos níveis municipal e das unidades da federação. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que utilizou dados secundários disponíveis nos registros de óbitos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e dados socioeconômicos do Censo Brasileiro. As variáveis dependentes foram as taxas de mortalidade por homicídio entre pessoas de 15 a 29 anos, por sexo e raça, de 2015 a 2017. As variáveis contextuais foram relacionadas a escolaridade, renda, escolaridade e vulnerabilidade. A Regressão Linear Multinível foi aplicada em um modelo ecológico para verificar o efeito das variáveis de primeiro e segundo nível. O efeito de cada variável foi estimado por meio de β e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%) e significância estatística. Resultados: Houve relação direta e significativa entre a taxa de mortalidade de adolescentes e adultos jovens e as taxas de mortalidade por homicídio entre adultos, independentemente de sexo e raça/cor da pele. No entanto, essa relação foi mais acentuada entre os jovens negros. No nível das unidades federativas, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano foi significativamente relacionado às taxas de mortalidade de homens negros, homens brancos e mulheres brancas. Conclusão: Há desigualdade racial na mortalidade de adolescentes e adultos jovens por violência no Brasil; os índices estão relacionados a características municipais, como violência na população adulta e desigualdades na educação e na proteção social.

Impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 sobre a saúde mental de profissionais de enfermagem / Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of nursing professionals / Impactos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de los profesionales de enfermería

Resumo Introdução: A pandemia da COVID-19 apresenta uma maior demanda de trabalho para os profissionais de enfermagem, por compor a maior parcela entre os trabalhadores de saúde e pelo cuidado prolongado com o paciente. Objetivo: Avaliar os impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental de profissionais de enfermagem. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com os dados de um web-based survey que contou com a participação de 490 profissionais de enfermagem atuantes nos serviços de média e alta complexidade do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. O desfecho do estudo "impacto da COVID-19 entre os profissionais de enfermagem" foi categorizado a partir da análise de cluster, e em seguida procedeu-se análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar a razão de prevalência do desfecho em relação às variáveis independentes. Resultados: Os mais impactados apresentaram maior prevalência de Síndrome de Burnout (RP=1,50; p=0,007), sintomas graves de ansiedade (RP=1,36; p=0,019) e depressão (RP=1,40, p=0,011). Conclusão: A pandemia de COVID-19 impactou diretamente na saúde mental dos profissionais de enfermagem que atuam na linha de frente, com o desenvolvimento de Síndrome de Burnout e de sintomas graves de ansiedade e depressão.

Abstract Introduction: A COVID-19 pandemic presents a greater demand for work for health professionals, especially those for illnesses, due to a larger share between health workers and long-term care as a patient. Objective: Assess the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of nursing professionals. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with data from a web-based survey that included the participation of 490 nursing professionals working in the medium and high complexity services of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The outcome of the study "impact of COVID-19 among nursing professionals" was categorized based on the cluster analysis, and Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was then performed to estimate the outcome prevalence ratio in relation to the independent variables. Results: The more impacted have a higher prevalence of Burnout Syndrome (PR = 1.50; p = 0.007), severe symptoms of anxiety (PR = 1.36; p = 0.019) and depression (PR = 1.40, p = 0.011). Conclusion: A COVID-19 pandemic directly impacted on mental health two disease professionals who face the front line, as the development of Burnout Syndrome and severe symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Resumen Introducción: A pandemia da COVID-19 apresenta uma maior demanda de trabalho para os profissionais de saúde, em especial, os de enfermagem, por compor a maior parcela entre os trabalhadores de saúde y pelo cuidado prolongado com o paciente. Objetivo: Evaluar los impactos de la pandemia COVID-19 en la salud mental de los profesionales de enfermeira. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado con datos de una encuesta basada en la web que contó con la participación de 490 profesionales de enfermería que laboran en los servicios de mediana y alta complejidad del estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. El resultado del estudio "impacto de COVID-19 entre profesionales de enfermería" se categorizó con base en el análisis de conglomerados, y luego se realizó un análisis de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para estimar la razón de prevalencia del resultado en relación con las variables independientes. Resultados: Os mais impactados apresentaram maior prevalência de Síndrome de Burnout (RP=1,50; p=0,007), sintomas graves de ansiedade (RP=1,36; p=0,019) e depressão (RP=1,40, p=0,011). Conclusión: Una pandemia de COVID-19 impacta directamente en la salud mental dos profesionales de enfermam que atuam na linha de frente, con el desenvolvimiento del Síndrome de Burnout y de síntomas graves de ansiedade e depressão.

Alcoholic beverage purchase by Brazilian adolescents: individual and contextual factors associated in a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the individual and contextual factors associated with the purchase of alcoholic beverages by adolescents in Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study with data from the National Adolescent Health Survey (2015). The study sample consisted of 21,125 adolescents who reported having consumed alcohol in the 30 days before the survey. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed by calculating the Prevalence Ratios in a multilevel Poisson Regression (95%CI) to verify the effect of individual variables, school context, and Brazilian federation units on the outcome. RESULTS: 17.54% (95%CI 17.03-18.06) bought the alcoholic beverage for their consumption. The outcome was associated with male gender (PR 1.69; 95%CI 1.56-1.83), the age group from 15 to 17 years old (PR 1.52 95%CI 1.41-1.65), who ingested alcohol more than six times in 30 days (PR 1.47; 95%CI 1.37-1.61), who work (PR 1.26 95%CI 1.16-1.37), who are children of women with low education, who study in public schools (RP 1.16 95%CI 1.04-1.30), who missed classes (RP 1.14 95%CI 1.05-1.23) and who do not have a follow-up responsible in their free time (PR 1.13 95%CI 1.04-1.21) and who live in states with higher illiteracy rates of people aged 25 years old and over (PR=1.19; 95%CI 1, 02-1.39). CONCLUSION: The adolescents' access to alcohol purchase was associated with individual factors, the school context, and the federation unit. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening health promotion aimed at vulnerable youth people.

Contextual and individual factors associated with public dental services utilisation in Brazil: A multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study verified the association between contextual and individual factors and public dental services utilisation in Brazil. METHODS: The study was conducted based on a cross-sectional population-based household survey performed in Brazil (National Health Survey- 2019)). Data was collected between August 2019 and March 2020. Total sample included 43,167 individuals aged ≥15 years who had at least one dental appointment in the last 12 months before interview. Study outcome was 'public dental service utilisation', and Andersen's behavioral model was adopted for selecting independent variables. A multilevel analysis was performed using individual factors as first level and federation units as second level. RESULTS: The highest prevalence of public dental service utilisation on an individual level was observed among unable to read or write people (PR: 3.31; p<0.001), indigenous (PR: 1.40; p<0.001), black or brown (PR: 1.16; p<0.001), with per capita household income of up to U$124 (PR: 2.40; p<0.001), living in the rural area (PR: 1.28; p<0.001), and who self-rated oral health as regular (PR: 1.15; p<0.001) or very bad/bad (PR: 1.26; p<0.001). On the contextual level, highest PR of public dental service utilisation was observed among those living in federal units with increased oral health coverage in primary health care. CONCLUSIONS: Public dental service utilisation is associated with individual and contextual factors. These results can guide decision-making based on evidence from policymakers, demonstrating the potential for mitigating oral health inequalities and increasing service coverage in a public and universal health system.

Factors Associated With Mental Suffering in the Brazilian Population: A Multilevel Analysis.

Purpose: To analyze how individual characteristics and the social context are associated with mental distress symptoms in the Brazilian population. Method: A multilevel cross-sectional study with data from the 2013 National Health Survey. There were two dependent variables: (a) decreased vital energy and somatic symptoms, (b) the presence of depressive thoughts. The independent variables were biological characteristics, education and income, habits and lifestyle, and context variables. Bivariate analysis was performed, and Prevalence Ratios calculated in a Poisson Regression (95% CI). A multilevel Poisson Regression was performed to verify the effect of individual and contextual variables. Results: Regarding depressive thoughts, young and middle-aged individuals, low education, women, absence of partner, smokers or former smokers, and absence of health insurance were the categories at highest risk; belonging to classes D-E and living in states with lower expected years of schooling proved to be protective factors. Similar results were found for the second outcome. Conclusions: Symptoms of mental distress were associated with the individual characteristics and contextual aspects of the federation unit. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening psychosocial care aimed at vulnerable groups.

Use of rehabilitation services by persons with disabilities in Brazil: A multivariate analysis from Andersen's behavioral model.

BACKGROUND: For many years, discussions about health care for people with disabilities (PwD) in Brazil have not been treated as a priority; however, based on the advances made at the beginning of this century, new policies have been developed with the aim of improving access of these people to health services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze how individual characteristics and contextual indicators are associated with access to rehabilitation services for PwD in Brazil. METHODS: A multivariate analysis was performed based on data from the National Health Survey 2013, considering access to rehabilitation services by PwD as the primary outcome and individual and contextual factors selected from Andersen's behavioral model as independent variables. The contextual variables were reduced to two composite indicators (1-primary health care coverage and unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, and 2-economic inequality) from the analysis of the principal components. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) and the respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: Access to rehabilitation services by PwD was more prevalent in people aged 0 to 17 years (PR = 3.28; 95%CI 2.85-3.78), who are illiterate (PR = 1.24; 95%CI 1.09-1.40), whose socioeconomic level is A or B (PR = 1.60; 95%CI 1.35-1.88), who have health insurance (PR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.15-1.49), who have severe limitations (PR = 3.09; 95%CI 2.64-3.62), who live in states with a good offer of Specialized Rehabilitation Centers, both type II (PR = 1.20; CI95% 1.08; 1.33) and type IV (PR = 1.29; CI95% 1.15; 1.44), and who have greater coverage of primary health care, but unfavorable socioeconomic conditions (PR = 1.15; CI95% 1.03-1.28). CONCLUSION: The results clarify the social inequities that exist regarding access to rehabilitation services for PwD in Brazil and highlight the need to formulate and implement public policies that guarantee the realization of the rights of these people.

Prevalence of COVID-19 infection in black people in primary health care, hospital units and intensive care units: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 pandemic has affected people all over the world. In this context, health disparities are already evident in becoming ill and dying from this condition, further accentuating historical racial inequalities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This protocol will be developed based on the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. For this, searches will be carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs and ScienceDirect databases searching for cross-sectional studies that assessed the prevalence of black people with COVID-19 at different levels of complexity. All cross-sectional studies that analysed the prevalence of COVID-19 in black people assisted in primary care, hospital wards and intensive care units will be included. The research will be carried out by two independent researchers who will identify the articles; they will exclude duplicate studies. Through blind evaluation, they will select the articles using the Rayyan QCRI application. The instrument proposed by Downs and Black will be used to assess the risk of bias. The meta-analyses will be performed according to the data conditions included. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: For this study's development, there is no need for an ethical appraisal considering that it is a systematic review that will use secondary studies. This study's findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and condensed summaries for main stakeholders and partners in the field. The database search is expected to begin on 1 February 2021. It is expected to complete the entire review process by 30 October 2021 TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020209079.

Intra-urban differentials of congenital and acquired syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women in an urban area in northeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Currently syphilis is considered an epidemic disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to identify intra-urban differentials in the occurrence of congenital and acquired syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women in the city of Natal, in northeast Brazil. METHODS: Cases of syphilis recorded by the municipal surveillance system from 1 January 2011 to 30 December 2018 were analysed. Spatial statistical analyses were performed using the kernel density estimator of the quadratic smoothing function (weighted). SaTScan software was applied for the calculation of risk based on a discrete Poisson model. RESULTS: There were 2163 cases of acquired syphilis, 738 cases of syphilis in pregnant women and 1279 cases of congenital syphilis. Kernel density maps showed that the occurrence of cases is more prevalent in peripheral areas and in areas with more precarious urban infrastructure. In 2011-2014 and 2015-2018, seven statistically significant clusters of acquired syphilis were identified. From 2011 to 2014, the most likely cluster had a relative risk of 3.54 (log likelihood ratio [LLR] 38 895; p<0.001) and from 2015 to 2018 the relative risk was 0.54 (LLR 69 955; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the municipality of Natal, there was a clustered pattern of spatial distribution of syphilis, with some areas presenting greater risk for the occurrence of new cases.

Depressão e ansiedade em profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia da covid-19 / Depression and anxiety in nursing professionals during the covid-19 pandemic / Depresión y ansiedad en profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia del covid-19

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas depressão, ansiedade e fatores associados em profissionais da equipe de enfermagem durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Métodos: Estudo seccional do tipo web survey, com 490 com profissionais de enfermagem dos serviços de média e alta complexidade em um estado do nordeste do Brasil. A associação entre os desfechos e as variáveis independentes foi através do teste de qui-quadrado de Rao-Scott e do modelo de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A ocorrência de sintomas sugestivos de transtornos mentais (ansiedade e depressão) estava relacionada a profissionais de enfermagem do sexo feminino, cor ou raça parda, com renda mensal inferior a 5 salários mínimos que trabalhavam no setor privado, ter sintomas de Síndrome de Burnout e morar com os pais. As ocorrências foram mais acentuadas quando os serviços não apresentavam condições adequadas de trabalho, em especial para o enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Ações que visem à melhoria das condições de trabalho e que estimulem a prática de atividades físicas podem ser benéficas para o a manutenção e fortalecimento das condições de saúde mental dessa população

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and associated factors in Nursing staff during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional web survey study, with 490 Nursing professionals from medium and high complexity services in a state in northeastern Brazil. The association between the outcomes and the independent variables was through the Rao-Scott chi-square test and the Poisson regression model. Results: The occurrence of symptoms suggestive of mental disorders (anxiety and depression) was related to female Nursing professionals, brown skin color or race, with a monthly income below 5 minimum wages and working in the private sector, having symptoms of the Burnout Syndrome and live with their parents. The occurrences were more accentuated when the services did not have adequate working conditions, especially for coping with the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusion and implications for practice: Actions that aim to improve the working conditions and that encourage the practice of physical activities can be beneficial for the maintenance and strengthening of the mental health conditions of this population

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y factores asociados en el personal de enfermería durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Métodos: Estudio de encuesta web seccional, con 490 profesionales de enfermería de servicios de mediana y alta complejidad en un estado del noreste de Brasil. La asociación entre los resultados y las variables independientes se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Rao-Scott y el modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La ocurrencia de síntomas sugestivos de trastornos mentales (ansiedad y depresión) se relacionó con mujeres profesionales de enfermería, de color o raza morena, con ingresos mensuales inferiores a 5 salarios mínimos que trabajaban en el sector privado, presentaban síntomas de Síndrome de Burnout y vivían con los padres. Los episodios eran más acentuados cuando los servicios no contaban con las condiciones laborales adecuadas, especialmente para hacer frente a la pandemia Covid-19. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: Las acciones que tengan como objetivo mejorar las condiciones laborales y que incentiven la práctica de actividades físicas pueden ser beneficiosas para el mantenimiento y fortalecimiento de las condiciones de salud mental de esta población

Analysis of physical therapy education in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic / Análise do ensino em fisioterapia no Brasil durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Abtract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic brought the need for social distancing as a strategy to control the disease, prompting most countries to te.,mporarily suspend educational activities at all levels. Objective: To analyze the status of physical therapy education in Brazilian public and private institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study with professors from physical therapy courses in Brazil. The study was conducted using an electronic form distributed via a social media application, containing questions on the characteristics of the professor, educational institution and work process. Associations were analyzed by the chi-squared test at 5% significance. Results: A total of 313 professors from 22 Brazilian states participated, with 62.94% from private institutions and 73.80% reporting that activities were conducted via emergency remote teaching (ERT). Among the professors who shifted to ERT, 63.20% did so with no prior planning and 28.13% had received no training for this this teaching format. An association was observed between the type of institution (public or private) and professors' age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001), teaching experience (p < 0.001) and adopting ERT (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In Brazil, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted most institutions to switch to ERT, more prevalent at private facilities, with no prior planning for the transition from in-person to remote teaching.

Resumo Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 impôs ao mundo a necessidade de distanciamento social como estratégia para o controle da doença, e com isso a maioria dos países suspendeu temporariamente as atividades educacionais em todos os níveis. Objetivo: Analisar a situação do ensino de fisioterapia no Brasil, em instituições públicas e privadas, no período da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com docentes de cursos de fisioterapia do país. A pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se formulário eletrônico distribuído por aplicativo de mídia social, contendo questões relacionadas às características dos docentes, da instituição de ensino e do processo de trabalho. Para as análises de associação, aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 313 docentes de 22 estados. Entre os participantes, 62,94% eram de instituições privadas e 73,80% relataram que as atividades foram mantidas na modalidade de ensino remoto emergencial (ERE). Dentre os docentes que passaram a utilizar o ERE, 63,20% informaram que não houve planejamento prévio, e 28,13% relataram que não receberam nenhum tipo de capacitação para esta modalidade de ensino. Verificou-se que houve associação entre o tipo da instituição, pública ou privada, com a idade do docente (p < 0,001), sexo (p < 0,001), tempo na docência (p < 0,001) e adoção do ERE (p < 0,001). Conclusão: No Brasil, diante da pandemia de COVID-19, a maioria das instituições aderiu ao ERE - mais prevalente nas instituições privadas - e não houve planejamento para a transição do ensino presencial para o remoto.

Análise da tendência de casos e óbitos por Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) nos principais países afetados e no Brasil: uma análise dos primeiros 50 dias da pandemia / Trend analysis of cases and deaths by Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the main affected countries and in Brazil: an analysis of the first 50 days of the pandemic

Objetivo: analisar a tendência de casos e óbitos pelo COVID-19. Métodos: foram analisados os óbitos e os casos confirmados até o dia 15 de março de 2020, informados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, utilizando-se Regressão Joinpoint. Resultados: a partir de 6 de fevereiro, os casos globais de COVID-19 apresentaram aumento de 8,2% e relacionavam-se com os casos registrados na Europa, e o incremento no número de óbitos, a partir de 20 de fevereiro, coincidiu com o aumento dos registros na Itália e Irã. Conclusão: na China, houve tendência de redução de casos e óbitos, enquanto a Europa apresentou transmissão sustentada.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the trend of cases and deaths by COVID-19. Methods: the deaths and confirmed cases until March 15th, 2020 were analyzed, reported by the World Health Organization, using Joinpoint Regression. Results: From February 6th, the global cases of COVID-19 presented an increase of 8.2% and were related to cases recorded in Europe, and the increase in the number of deaths, from February 20th, coincided with the increase of registrations in Italy and Iran. Conclusion: in China, there was a tendency of reduction of cases and deaths, while Europe showed sustained transmission.(AU)